1. Individuals Can Choose to Deduct State and Local Sales Taxes

Congress recently made permanent the option to claim a federal income tax deduction for general state and local sales taxes as opposed to deducting state and local income taxes. The option is now available for 2015 and beyond. This is good news for individuals who live in states with low or no personal income taxes, as well as for those who owe little or no state taxes.

If you choose the sales tax option, you can use a table provided by the IRS to calculate your sales tax deduction. Your deduction will vary based on your state of residence, income, and personal and dependent exemptions.

If you use the IRS table, you can also add on actual sales tax amounts from major purchases, such as:

*  Motor vehicles, including motorcycles, off-road vehicles, and RVs,

*  Boats,

*  Aircraft, and

*  Home improvements.

In other words, you can deduct actual sales taxes for these major purchases on top of the predetermined amount from the IRS table. Alternately, if you saved receipts from your 2015 purchases, you can add up the actual sales tax amounts and deduct the total if that gives you a bigger write-off.

2. Qualified Individuals Can Make Deductible IRA Contributions

If you haven’t made the maximum deductible traditional IRA contribution for the 2015 tax year, you can still make a contribution between now and the tax filing deadline and claim the resulting write-off on your 2015 return. The maximum deductible contribution for 2015 was $5,500 per taxpayer — or $6,500 if you or your spouse was age 50 or older as of December 31, 2015.

However, there are a couple of catches. First, you must have enough 2015 earned income from jobs, self-employment or alimony received to equal or exceed your IRA contributions for the 2015 tax year. If you are married, either spouse (or both) can provide the necessary earned income.

Second, deductible IRA contributions are gradually phased out if your income was too high last year. (See “Ground Rules for Deductible Contributions to Traditional IRAs” below.) Fortunately, the phaseout ranges are much higher than they were a few years ago.

3. Business Owners Can Establish SEPs

If you work for your own small business and haven’t yet set up a tax-favored retirement plan for yourself, you can establish a simplified employee pension (SEP). Unlike other types of small business retirement plans, a SEP can be created this year and still generate a deduction on last year’s return.

Important note. If you are self-employed and extend the filing deadline for your 2015 Form 1040 until October 17, you’ll have until that late date to take care of the paperwork and make a deductible contribution for 2015.

The deductible contribution to a SEP can be up to 20% of your 2015 self-employment income or up to 25% of your 2015 salary if you work for your own corporation. The absolute maximum amount you can contribute for the 2015 tax year is $53,000. If you have the cash on hand to fund a SEP contribution, the tax savings can be substantial.

For example, if you’re self-employed and in the 28% federal income tax bracket, a $30,000 SEP contribution could lower your 2015 federal income tax bill by $8,400 (plus any state income tax savings). In many cases, the tax savings could fund a big chunk of your contribution.

Establishing a SEP is simple. Your bank or financial adviser can help you complete the required paperwork. But don’t jump the gun if your business has employees. Your SEP will likely have to cover them and make contributions to their accounts, which could be cost prohibitive. Your tax and financial advisers can help you decide whether establishing a SEP is a smart move for your business.

4. Small Business Owners Can Claim Section 179 Deduction for Real Property Expenditures

Section 179 provides a federal income tax break that allows eligible small businesses to deduct the entire cost of qualifying asset purchases (including software) in the year they’re placed in service (rather than depreciating them over their useful lives). Real property improvement costs have traditionally been ineligible for the Sec. 179 deduction. But there’s an exception for qualified real property improvements placed in service in tax years beginning in 2015.

You can claim a Sec. 179 deduction for real property expenditures of up to $250,000 for:

*  Interiors of leased nonresidential buildings,

*  Restaurant buildings, and

*  Interiors of retail buildings.

The Sec. 179 allowance for real estate had previously expired at the end of 2014, but recent legislation made it permanent for 2015 (and beyond). Additional rules and restrictions may apply, so consult your tax adviser before claiming Sec. 179.

5. Businesses Can Take Advantage of Favorable Provisions in Tangible Property Regulations

In general, IRS regulations require most tangible property costs to be capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives, rather than deducted in the tax year that they’re placed in service. But there are a few taxpayer-friendly exceptions, including:

*  Small businesses can elect to immediately deduct items costing up to $2,500 that would otherwise have to be capitalized and depreciated over a number of years. The deduction allowance was increased to the current $2,500-per-item amount by IRS Notice 2015-82. Previously, the allowance was only $500. Larger businesses that have an applicable financial statement for the 2015 tax year (generally, those required to file Form 10-K with the SEC and those with audited financial statements) can deduct items costing up to $5,000. The election to take advantage of these deduction allowances can be made with the 2015 return or form for your business.

*  Expenditures for incidental materials and supplies can be deducted in the year they’re paid or incurred. These expenditures include noninventory items: 1) worth $200 or less, or 2) with useful economic lives of 12 months or less.

Consult with a Tax Pro

These are some of the more common last-minute tax-saving maneuvers that individuals and small business owners can take before Tax Day. As always, your tax professionals can advise you on the optimal tax-saving strategies for your specific situation.